Egypt is a transcontinental Northeast African nation bridging Africa and the Middle East via the Sinai Peninsula. It is defined by the Nile River, which cuts through the hyper-arid eastern Sahara to form a fertile valley that birthed one of humanity’s earliest and most centralised civilisations. Egypt possesses the world’s most dense concentration of intact monumental stone antiquities, spanning over 5,000 years of Pharaonic, Ptolemaic, Coptic Christian, and Islamic history along a single geographical axis.