Antarctica is the southernmost continent on Earth, centred asymmetrically around the South Pole. It is the coldest, driest, highest, and windiest continent on the planet, with 98% of its landmass permanently buried under an ice sheet that averages 1.9 kilometres in thickness. Governed internationally under the framework of the 1959 Antarctic Treaty System, it is the only continent with no sovereign nations, no permanent human population, and no industrial footprint, functioning instead as a global wilderness reserve for peaceful scientific exploration.